Twenty years ago in July-September 1998, Sydney experienced a Water Quality Crisis involving the suspected contamination by the pathogens, cryptosporidium and giardia in the water supply system. Following the crisis, many stakeholders came together to develop a comprehensive response to minimise the chance of such an event happening again. Some of the recommendations were an…
Alkalinity is a measure of a water sample’s ability to resist a pH change when reacted with an acid, and is an important measure of water quality. If a body of water has high alkalinity, it is highly resistant to changes in pH due to acid additions such as acid rain or industrial waste discharge.…
Is your analysis volume growing? Are your customers’ specifications getting stricter? You are not alone. Analytical requirements are growing across many industries and customer standards are increasing. Fortunately, titration is a measurement method that can be easily automated to provide a wide range of benefits. Additionally, automated titration technology is becoming more accessible and affordable.…
In the past 75 years, the worldwide human population has increased from approximately 2.5 billion to over 7 billion people. Population increase, the resulting increase in use of natural resources, and anthropogenic (human) produced waste have significantly impacted our natural environment. One of the most vital resources that humans require to live is water. Ironically…
The use of fluoride as an additive to drinking water has been a highly debated topic for over 70 years. Although fluoride occurs naturally in many water sources, it is often added to water supply systems to provide health benefits to the public. While the positive effects of fluoride on dental health have been scientifically…
Glass Electrodes All glass membranes used in pH electrodes react with water to form a hydrated gel layer. This gel layer is invisible, since it is only 50-5000 Å thick. The thickness and composition of the gel layer determine the response time, slope and alkali error of the glass electrodes. Thus, the gel layer is of…
