Turbidity of water is an optical property that causes light to be scattered and absorbed, rather than transmitted. The scattering of light that passes through a liquid is primarily caused by suspended solids. The higher the turbidity, the greater the amount of scattered light. Even a very pure fluid will scatter light to a certain…
Stormwater is a term for the runoff water resulting from a precipitation event such as rainfall in urban areas. Urban areas tend to have large amounts of impervious surfaces, resulting in large volumes of runoff. As stormwater flows over these impervious surfaces, chemicals, pollutants, debris, and sediment are gathered. This pollutant and nutrient-rich stormwater ultimately…
Metal pickling is a treatment performed to remove rust, scale, and other contaminants from the surface of a metal. Strong acids make up the pickling bath. Hydrochloric or sulfuric acid are the most common pickling acids, although others may be used. In all types of pickling baths, the acid content is a critical parameter to ensure the quality of the pickle. Excess acid may lead to damage to the base metal while too little acid results in slow pickling.
Wood surrounds us in everyday infrastructure and furnishings. Despite this, people generally give little thought to how the wood was made safe for its final destination. Wood was once a part of a plant and is made of a complex cellular structure. As is the case with cells, the wood can readily absorb and retain…
